It includes some basic info on the grammar of the things covered and a glossary of almost all the words used in class (I may have missed some, if so let me know)
I'll post another version here below the jump (click where it says czytaj więcej)
nb. the spacing will be all wrong, if that's important download the document.
Greetings
Bonan tagon! Good morning, Good afternoon, Good day
Bonan matenon! Good morning,
Bonan vesperon! Good evening
Saluton! Hello
Ĝis revido! Goodbye (informally abbreviated to ĝis)
Of these greetings, saluton is the most common.
General pronunciation. The five vowels are like Polish (except that i doesn't cause softening and sequences like kie, kio and kiu are pronounced as two syllables instead of one). Most of the consonants are as in Polish too, exceptions are:
ĉ = cz
ĝ = dż
ĵ = ż
ŝ = sz
ŭ = ł
v = w
Stress is like Polish, always on the next-to-last syllable.
Grammar:
nouns
Common nouns are marked by the ending –o. To make the plural, add –j.
To make the accusative case, add –n (after –o in the singular and –j in the plural)
singular plural
nominative studentino studentinoj
accusative studentinon studentinojn
adjectives
Adjectives are marked by the ending –a. To make the plural, add –j.
To make the accusative case, add –n (after –a in the singular and –j in the plural)
singular plural
nominative bona bonaj
accusative bonan bonajn
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify for number and case.
singular plural
nominative bona studentino bonaj studentinoj
accusative bonan studentinon bonajn studentinojn
verbs
The citation (dictionary) form of all verbs is the infinitive which is indicated by the suffix –i.
To form the present tense, replace –i with –as.
To form the past tense, replace –i with –is.
syntax
In theory, free word order, much as in Polish. In practice SVO (subject, object, verb) predominates.
Adjectives can appear before or after the nouns they qualify. Most of the time they appear before the noun.
With very few exceptions, the subject needs to be in the sentence. If the subject isn't a noun phrase, then you need to use a pronoun.
personal pronouns
singular plural
1st mi ni
2nd vi
3rd - ili
3rd male li
3rd female ŝi
3rd neuter ĝi
impersonal oni
notu: Vi is both singular and plural. Adjectives that apply to it will agree in number.
Ĉu vi estas preta? Are you ready?
Ĉu vi estas pretaj? Are you ready?
Mi estas instruisto. I'm a teacher.
Li estas studento. He's a student.
Ŝi estas studentino. She's a student.
Ĉu vi estas instruisto? Are you a teacher?
Jes, mi estas instruisto. Yes, I'm a teacher.
Ne, mi ne estas instruisto. No, I'm not a teacher.
Mi estas studento. I'm a student.
jes = yes
ne = no and not sentences are negated by putting ne before the verb.
Mi vivas en Pollando. I live in Poland.
Mi ne vivas en Pollando. I don't live in Poland.
ĉu = question particle works like czy in Polish in forming yes/no questions.
Li estas polo. He's Polish.
Ĉu li estas polo? Is he Polish?
wh questions are formed with a word beginning with ki- at the beginning of the sentence
Kiu li estas? Who is he? (asking for a name)
Li estas Marko. He's Mark.
Kio li estas? What is he? (asking for profession or function)
Li estas studento. He's a student.
Kia li estas? What is he like? (asking about qualities)
Li estas inteliĝenta. He's intelligent.
notu: kiu also functions as an adjective – which?
Kiu studento li estas? Which student is he?
En kiu urbo vi vivas? Which city do you live in?
Mi estas Ilona kaj mi venis el Hungario. I'm Ilona and I come(came) from Hungary.
Mi vivas en Pollando. I live in Poland.
Pollando estas en Eŭropo. Poland is in Europe.
The basic roots for ethnic groups are nouns.
polo Polish man
hungaro Hungarian man
franco Frenchman
germano German (man)
Most countries, especially those formed around specific ethnic groups are formed by addig –io to the basic form.
Francio, Germanio, Hungario etc
Poland is an exception, it is formed by adding –lando.
Sometimes the country is the basic root and a person from the country is formed by adding –ano (lit: member)
Usono USA
Tajvano Taiwan
Usonano American man
Tajvanano Taiwanese man
Female forms are indicated by –ino (instead of –o)
Polino, Hungarino, Tajvananino etc
Eŭropo estas unu el la kvin kontinentoj en la mondo.
Europe is one of the five continents in the world.
La aliaj kontinentoj estas Afriko, Azio, Ameriko kaj Aŭstralio.
The other continents are Africa, Asia, America and Australia.
notu: Azio and Aŭstralio are accented on i (the simple way to count syllables is to count vowels, the next to last vowel is accented).
Brad Pitt estas usona aktoro. Brad Pitt is an American actor.
Joanna Kowalczyk estas pola sportistino. Joanna Kowalczyk is a Polish athlete.
Donald Tusk estas pola politikisto. Donald Tusk is a Polish politician.
Megan Fox estas usona aktorino. Megan Fox is an American actress.
Ŝi ne estas bona aktorino. She's not a good actress.
Ŝi estas malbona aktorino. She's a bad actress.
Sed ŝi estas bela. But she's beautiful.
Gérard Depardieu estas franca aktoro. Gérard Depardieu is a French actor.
Li estas bona aktoro. He's a good actor.
Li ne estas bela. He's not handsome.
Li estas malbela. He's ugly.
Sed malbelaj aktoroj ankaŭ ludas en filmoj. But ugly actors appear in movies too.
Glossary
n = noun
v = verb
a = adjective
pr = preposition
pn = pronoun
nm = number
pt = particle
notu: this is a practical guide for beginners, experienced grammarians would not be pleased.
Afriko (n) Africa
Ameriko (n) America (not the USA)
ankaŭ (pt) also
Aŭstralio (n) Australia
Azio (n) Asia
bela (a) beautiful, handsome
bona (a) good
ĉu (pt) question particle
du (nm) two
el (pr) from (a place)
en (pr) in
esti (v) to be
Eŭropo (n) Europe
fari (n) do
franco (n) Frenchman
germano (n) German (man)
ĝi (pn) it
hungaro (n) Hungarian (man)
instrui (v) teach
instruisto (n) teacher
jes (pt) yes
kaj (pt) and
kanti (v) sing
kia (a) like what?
kio (n) what?
kiu (a, n) which? who?
kontinento (n) continent
kvar (nm) four
kvin (nm) five
ili (pn) they
lando (n) country
lerni (v) learn
li (pn) he
ludi (v) play
mateno (n) morning
mi (pn) I, me
mondo (n) world
ne (pt) no, not
ni (pn) we
nomo (n) name
noti (v) to note, notice
oni (pn) someone, they
politikisto (n) politicians
politiko (n) politics
polo (n) Polish man
saluto (n) greeting
ŝi (pn) she
tago (n) day
tri (nm) three
unu (nm) one
vespero (n) evening
vi (pn) you
vivi (v) to liv
affixes
-a adjective
-as present tense
-i infintive
-ino feminine ending (nouns only)
-io country
-is past tense
-isto professional who does something related to the root
mal- opposite
-n accusative (for nouns and adjectives)
-o noun
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